![]() ![]() The nasal spray is comprised of xylitol and GSE which provides antibacterial properties as well as preventing viral adhesion in the nasal passage. It could be hypothesised that GSE could exhibit similar inhibition on SARS-CoV-2.ġ.4 Xlear's Xylitol based Nasal Spray Xlear have developed and patented a xylitol containing nasal spray for the treatment of upper-respiratory tract infections. These findings may be important as AIV and NDV are enveloped viruses like SARS-CoV-2 whilst IBDV is not (Schoeman et al., 2019). GSE exhibited virucidal activity against avian influenza virus (AIV) and Newcastle disease virus (NDV) but not against infectious bursal disease virus (IBDV) (Komura et al., 2019). It is used as a natural remedy due to its antioxidant and antimicrobial properties (Reagor et al., 2002 Salehi et al., 2019).ġ.3.1 GSE and Viruses GSE was tested on multiple viruses to determine if it had any inhibitory effects. Xylitol significantly reduced lung viral titres in mice with 3.3mg/kg/d proving the most effective dose (Xu et al., 2016).ġ.3 Grapefruit Seed Extract (GSE) Grapefruit seed extract (GSE) is made from grapefruit seeds. The in vitro effect of xylitol showed complete inhibition at concentrations of 3.13mg/ml. Xylitol was tested in vitro on a hRSV suspension and in vivo in mice. This suggests a synergistic effect between xylitol and red ginseng (Yin et al., 2014).Ī study into xylitol and its interactions with human respiratory syncytial virus (hRSV) was conducted in 2015. Mice given a combination of xylitol and red ginseng had 100% survival rate at 33mg/kg/day of xylitol and 60% survival rate at 3.3mg/kg/day after day 14 of infection versus 0% survival rate on PBS (control), red ginseng and xylitol separately. Dietary xylitol was used to treat influenza A virus in vivo. ![]() 5% xylitol administered to 21 participants compared to a control group using a saline solution showed a significant decrease in Staphylococcus count from 597 colony forming units (CFU) per swab to 99 CFU per swab (Zabner et al., 2000).ġ.2.2 Xylitol and Viruses Xylitol's inhibitory effects on bacteria are well documented but little is known regarding its antiviral properties. ![]() An in vitro study into alpha-haemolytic Streptococcus pneumoniae and beta-haemolytic Streptococci treated with 1% and 5% xylitol showed statistically significant inhibition of growth over a 24-hour incubation period (Kontiokari et al., 1999).Īnother team established xylitol's ability to kill coagulase-negative Staphylococcus. Xylitol not only demonstrates antimicrobial behaviour but can also modulate immunity and contribute to wound healing (Salli et al., 2019).ġ.2.1 Xylitol and Respiratory Tract Infections Xylitol's inhibitory effect on Streptococcus mutans growth has prompted more research into its interactions with other nasopharyngeal pathogens responsible for respiratory tract infections. It is used in the dental profession to prevent plaque build-up and inhibit enamel demineralisation by interfering with the metabolism of Streptococcus mutans, causing cell death and thus preventing dental caries (Janakiram et al., 2017). With nasal carriage playing a vital role in transmission, drugs administered intranasally could be a viable therapeutic option (Sungnak et al., 2020).ġ.2 Drug: Xylitol Xylitol is a sugar alcohol derived from plants. The nasal epithelium acts as the primary site for SARS-CoV-2 binding to angiotensin converting enzyme-2 (ACE2) - the receptor responsible for COVID-19 infection (Zhou et al., 2020). These structural proteins play an important role in receptor binding, transcription, replication and assembly of the virus in host cells (Boopathi et al., 2020). Xylitol has shown promising results in combating SARS-CoV-2 in vitro and this study aims to explore whether Xlear's Xylitol based Nasal Spray has an effect in vivo.ġ.1 COVID-19 Infection SARS-CoV-2 is a positive-sense, single-strand RNA virus comprised of four structural proteins: Nucleocapsid (N) protein, Membrane (M) protein, Spike (S) protein and Envelope (E) protein. However, there is currently no established treatment for mild COVID-19 infection, i.e., symptomatic infection not requiring hospitalisation, which makes up a significant proportion of cases. Preventative measures are currently being taken with numerous vaccination programs across the world. Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) is a novel virus responsible for COVID-19, which at the most severe end of the spectrum of disease can require hospitalisation or ICU admission. In the wake of the Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic, worldwide healthcare has rapidly evolved in response. Why Should I Register and Submit Results?. ![]()
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